The findings reported here were collected in surveys underwritten by the University of Michigan. The survey questions were designed by Pew Research Center in consultation with Dr. Nicole Ellison and Dr. Cliff Lampe from the University of Michigan’s School of Information.

This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals.

Primary researchers

Kenneth Olmstead, Research Associate, Pew Research Center Aaron Smith, Associate Director, Pew Research Center Cliff Lampe, Associate Professor, University of Michigan School of Information Nicole B. Ellison, Professor, University of Michigan School of Information           

Research team

Lee Rainie, Director, Internet, Science and Technology Research Mary Madden, Senior Researcher, Pew Research Center Amanda Lenhart, Associate Director, Pew Research Center   

Editorial and graphic design

Margaret Porteus, Information Graphics Designer Shannon Greenwood, Copy Editor

Communications and web publishing

Shannon Greenwood, Assistant Digital Producer Dana Page, Communications Manager