There are considerable and often-intense debates about the meaning of scientific findings, research methods and public policy issues tied to science. Basic questions about the modern moment are bound up in these debates: Do citizens trust scientists and the way scientists do their work? Are many scientific issues becoming knee-jerk partisan disputes? Are those who are strong believers in religious and spiritual precepts inherently hostile to scientific inquiry? Is scientific illiteracy a major problem for society? Are scientists pushing innovation too quickly into morally challenging arenas without enough consideration of right and wrong – or even whether their work might fundamentally harm humans or habitat? The questions continue into the longer tail of specific issues that attach to each domain of science.

Recent Pew Research Center survey findings have been invoked in a number of these debates because they highlighted the differences in views between citizens and scientists on a dozen science-related issues. A number of the gaps between the public and the scientific community connected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science were particularly large. That prompted Alan Leshner, outgoing CEO of AAAS, to write in an editorial in the Science magazine:

“The public’s perceptions of scientists’ expertise and trustworthiness are very important, but they are not enough. Acceptance of scientific facts is not based solely on comprehension levels. It can be compromised whenever information confronts people’s personal, religious, or political views, and whenever scientific facts provoke fear or make people feel that they have no control over a situation. The only recourse is to have genuine, respectful dialogues with people.”

One of the core questions about all this is whether public opinion should matter at all on policy topics for which scientific evidence is a central concern. Some have argued that such issues should not be affected by public views, especially if those views are not terribly well informed. But Americans disagree with that sentiment. New findings from the Pew Research survey show that 60% of adults back the idea that public opinion should play an important role in policy decisions about scientific issues, while 35% say it should not “because these issues are too complex for the average person to understand.” Public views on this question illustrate where some of the cultural fissures on these issues lie. Those most likely to say public opinion should play an important role included conservatives, those without a college degree and several groups of religious believers. Those most likely to say public opinion should not play a role because the issues are too complex for the average person to understand included postgraduate degree holders, moderates and liberals, and those unaffiliated with religious groups.

Roadmap to the Report

The remainder of this report looks at the underpinnings of public attitudes on science-related topics. The analysis identifies whether political, educational and science-knowledge factors are associated most strongly with people’s opinions, or whether other factors such as gender, race and ethnicity age or religion play a central role. This modeling helps make clear that no single explanation accounts for people’s viewpoints on science-related topics: Sometimes the strongest association is tied to partisanship and ideology, other times it is tied to people’s general education level and their science knowledge. Other times, demographic differences are most salient – and there are still other factors at play, including religion. All of these factors are covered in this report. We also will issue a separate report that focuses on the interplay of religion and science, and will cover those issues in greater depth.

Chapter 1 looks at the extent to which people’s political views, educational attainment, knowledge of science, religious views and other factors explain public opinions across this set of issues. The remainder of the report looks at each issue separately, showing people’s views on each issue across all of these subgroups and then summarizing the key findings from the multivariate regression analyses to address the relative influence of each factor when controlling for multiple factors simultaneously. Appendices A and B provide more details on the survey design and methodology, the exact questions asked of survey respondents, the measures used to assess science knowledge, and the factors included in the multiple regression analyses discussed throughout the report.